High-frequency tube structure and system



Feb. 6, 1951 D. sNow ET Al. I 2,540,142

HIGH-FREQUENCY TUBE STRUCTURE AND SYSTEM Filed Oct. 1'7, 1942 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 5 4 l. D 3 fw. A U U 4N f A l IWW mw Vw sFm n .MSR N TWL m NOD., T END T W50 A I.... D. uc p Y W J a Il: hlv W 5 5 w v4 1| 3 I I y ,.2 l 4 9 3 7 3 a 4 41.3 l m 2 l .2 O |1|| l l l l| l Il nl 2 5 a I4 3 3 7 2 l l -I 6 7 5 I. 7 2 E l |1| l1. I l 8 l mu .5 F/// ..6 i@

Feb. 6, 1951 n. sNow' ET AL I- I 2,540,142

HIGH-FREQUENCY TUBE STRUCTURE AND SYSTEM Filed oct. 17, 1942 sheets-sheet 2 coNTRoLLEn 36 FIGJS FiG.5

INVENTORS:

D.l .sNow;v 5.5 vARlAN; c. Doop; L.R. HlLnEBRAND ATTORNEY Feb. 6, 1951 D. L. sNow ra1-Al. 2,540,142

l HIGH-FREQUENCY TUBTJ STRUCTURE AND SYSTEM Filed oct. 17. 1942 4 sheets-sheets FIG.6

FREQUENCY DISCRIMINATOR ENVENTORS: D. L SNOW; 5.F.' VARIAN; C. DDD5 LR` HILDERAND Patented Feb. 6, 1951 HIGH-FREQUENCY TBE STRUCTURE AND SYSTEM Bonald L. Snow, Hempstead, Sigurd F. Varian, lGarden City, and y(Coleman Dodd and Lynn -R. Hildebrand, Hempstead, N. Y., assignors to The .Sperry Corporation, a corporation of Delaware Application October 17, 1942, 'Serial No. 462,436

.34 Claims. (Cl. Z50-27.5)

This invention relates, generally, Ato ultra high frequency :generation devices, and,` more particularly, to electron beam lvelocity modulation vacuum tubes which utilize reiex `action and which .operate at `wavelengths of the order vof ten centimeters or less,

Prior vdevices of .the reex type have :utilized mechanical or thermal .tuning devices exterior to the vacuum chamber fof the .tube itself and have yrequired complex mechanical arrangements frequency.v Further, .exterior 'tuning control.

tube, such as .the cathode `and reflector, which to production machine manufacture.

Yet another fobjectis to provide parallel-arm supporting means as :a part .of the interior of such a tube to :provide vpositive alignment -of the tube components Vduring manufacture and thereafter.

An object is '-to Aprovide means for fabrication of a glass-to-metal seal at any `desired distance from an end of the outer conductorof a coaxial line.

A further object lies in :the provision vof -coml to assure that y.the :elements of the tube vhave ei-ned electrical and thermal tuning means for moved iin `parallel alignment to each other durthe control'of theoutputfrequency of -such tubes. ing :tuning of lthechramber to a desired resonant Additional objects of the invention are: `to devices provide :a single `element electro-mechanical have, by nature, been large in comparison to 1-5 tuner ,located :on a median line extending vperthe :size of such tubes-operating lat the shorter pendicularly from the ygrids or other frequencywavelengths, and have been readily adaptable to Controlling electrodes; to :provide means for manual control vonly or 'have :required Vthe use overcoming :frequency drift `caused -lby thermal of considerable ypower if .operated by automatic expansion of the tuner supporting means; and to provide improved apparatnsffor and a method Further, the resonator -walls themselves have of initially setting the frequencyfof 'a-cavity -resobeen used to forma portion of ithe vacuum ennator. velopeof the tube, necessitating the use of con- Other objects fandadva-ntages will become-apsiderable .care vand skill in fabrication .of the tube parent from 'the specification, ta-ken `in connecin lorder Lto prevent leakageof air into the tube i215 tion with the accompanying drawings wherein through flaws in soldered joints. `Elementsof the the invention 'is embodied in concrete form.

I-n thedrawings, require voltages considerably lnegative with re- Fig, 1 -is a partial cross-'section View of one spect tothe grounded resonator grids, were supform of the present invention. ported from and insulated from the resonator Fig. 1A is a `fragmentary view partly in secitself by .means :of glass Lend .bells which simultion, illustrating anoptionalconnection between taneously formed a portion of the exterior the tuning strut and `resonator wall. vacuum envelope. Such:construction'is'of neceslig,y 2 is a partial cross-section view taken gen- 'sity "fragile, and requires the Yusual :slr-ill assoerauy along the 1in@ 2 .2 of Fig, 1, with parts iciated with the manufacture :of glass-to-metal in elevation Y seals so that vthe deviceis Anot read-ily adaptable .Fig 3 is a .partial .9m55-secti0n View vof a, de-

tail of Figs. 'l and '2. It is., therefore, `a iprincipalobject of the pres- Fig 4 is a, perspective view of Va portion of ent invention #to provide an `electron beam ve- Fig 3. l locitymodulating tube, specifically ofthe reflex 40 insure lparallel alignment and Vrelative motion-of Y the '-resonator .entrance and exit grids.

A further object ef the invention lies in the .provision foi such fa'tnbe which-all ci the-po- 'tentia-l leads, including `the ultra yhigh `frequency `energy'removifig .coaxial line, vpass ythrough va single slightly modified conventional 4vacuum tubebase.

Fig. 5 is a'partial cross-'section view of a detail of Figs. l and 2.

Fig. 6 is an nelevation view of analternate form ofthe invention.

Fig. '7 'is a top view of the device shown in Fig. 6, on a somewhat reduced scale.

Fig. 8 vis a schematic wiring diagram, showing one `form of automatic control for the tuning device.

Figs. 9'and l0 are explanatory graphs.

Rigs. l1 and V1 2 are partial cross-sectional views of modified types of electro-mechanical tuners. Fig. 13 is a schematic wiring diagram, similar to Fig..8.showing `another form of dual control.

Similar characters of reference are used in all of the above gures to indicate corresponding parts.

Referring to Fig. 1, it is seen that the electron beam velocity modulating device of the present invention consists of an electron gun or cathodeaccelerator assembly I, which projects a beam of electrons through a cavity resonator 2 toward a reflector i from whence the electrons are reflected back into the resonator 2. The structure is shown mounted on a base within a vacuum-tight receptacle 4 of the conventional metal tube type. The base 5 is provided with symmetrically spaced Kovar tubes i6 which contain glass-to-metal seals (not shown) through which various voltage input or terminal leads pass. A tube 'I5 extends axially outward through the base 5 and is used to exhaust and seal-oir the device in the conventional manner, Spot welded centrally onto the inner surface of the base 5 is the cross bar of a yoke or other supporting means 6 having generally parallel arms 6', preferably of channel (for example, arcuate) cross-section. The electron gun I is supported symmetrically between the arms of the yoke f5 by ilanged support members '1. The inner and outer anges of member I preferably are arcuate for spot Welding to the outer diameter of the electron gun I and to the inner diameter of the arms 6 of the yoke 6.

The electron gun I, shown more clearly in Fig. 5, is of conventional type, and comprises an outer cylindrical shell 55, apertured at E5 on its upper flat surface for passage of the electron beam.

The shell 65, which is electrically and thermally insulated inthe Well-known manner from the interior structure of the cathode, encloses an inner cylindrical collimating means such as a focusing shield 66, and an emitting cylinder 5l containing a non-inductively wound heater coil 68.

Positioned at a suitable distance above the electron gun I is a resonator 2, the rigid wall portion 8 adjacent to electron gun I of the resonator 2 having an outer diameter equal to the inner diameter of the arms 6 of the yoke 5 so that it may be spot welded therein. Wall 8, which may be of gold, silver, or copper-plated sheet steel or nickely contains an outer annular ange I3 and a centrally located apertured reentrant portion 9. The portion il extends into the resonator 2 in alignment with the electron beam to provide a passageway therefor, and supports a frequencycontrolling electrode such as an entrance grid Iii extending across the passageway. Grid Iii may be a iine wire mesh screen of gold or copper plated tungsten, for example, of 8.001 inch diameter wire, and may be held in position by an annular ring I I spot welded to the outer diameter of the reentrant portion 9, and is bowed into the resonator by an amount sufficient to make its distortion due to heating by the electron beam insignificant.

A dished diaphragm I2 nests within the flange I3 and forms the boundary of the resonator opposite wall 8. Diaphragm I2, which may be of beryllium-copper, is made flexible at least about an outer annular region, and may be nickel plated so as to spot weld easily to the upwardly extending flange I3 of the resonator Wall B. Diaphragm I2 preferably is centrally apertured in the path of the i beam to receive a second frequency-controlling electrode, such as an exit grid I4 which is preferably similar in construction to entrance grid Ill. Mounted above exit grid I4 in the path of the electron beam is a concave reflector plate 3 of sheet steel or nickel, forming the bottom of a thimble or cup 34 which is clamped at its top t0 a circular insulating disc or plate I6 of mica or other low-loss material. The disc I6 is held in position by arcuately flanged clamps Il which are spot welded to the inner diameter of the arms 6' of yoke 6 in the position shown in Fig. 1. The curvature of the concave portion of reflector 3 is made substantially equal to and of the same sign as that of the grids I0 and I4, in order that electrons traversing the grids I0 and I4 near the outer boundary of the beam will be subjected to substantially the same fields and will be required to travel the same distance therein as electrons traveling through these regions near the center or in other parts of the beam.

As is well known, the usual procedure in Varying the resonant frequency of resonator 2 is to distort the walls of the resonator 2 mechanically so that the distance between grids Ill and I4 is changed. In prior devices, this was accomplished by thermal, electrical, or mechanical tuning means positioned exterior to the vacuum envelope of the device. In the present invention, electrome chanical tuning means, about to be described, are located inside of the vacuum shell, preferably in such a manner as to cause the grids IQ and I4 or similar electrodes to maintain parallel alignment and uniform spacing during relative motion.

To the top ends of the arms 6 of the yoke I5 is spot welded an annular top plate I8 above which is centrally positioned an apertured insulating disc I9 clamped against rim I8' of plate IS by means of an annular flanged ring 2G which, in turn, is spot welded to the top of disc I8. In a grommet 2B', held within the centrally located aperture in insulating disc I9 is clamped a thermally expansible tuning strut such as a thin walled stainless steel tube 2|, extending downwardly to well inside of the cup 34, so that it nearly touches the back of reflector 3. Thus by making the strut 2l relatively long, appreciable shift in the position of its lower end may be obtained over the range of operating temperatures. The strut is located so that at least the motionimparting lower end thereof is located on and extends along the beam axis, or at least along a medium extending perpendicularly to the frequency-controlling electrodes of the resonator, whereby the electrodes remain in substantially parallel planes during their motion toward and away from one another. The strut 2l thereby may serve as a tuning element.

A pressure-distributing arrangement extends from the free end of the strut 2| to the inner portion of diaphragm I2 to impart the tuning motion to the resonator grid I4. As seen more clearly in Fig. 2, a bracket 22 is fastened to the end ci tube 2i adjacent to reflector 3. Bracket 22 extends upwardly and outwardly so as to provide clearance space between it and the interior of cup 34. Bracket 22 has upwardly extending flanges 23 at its outer ends to which are spot welded downwardly extending angular members 24. Centrally spot welded on the upper portion of flexible diaphragm I2 is a iianged apertured cup or tubule I5. The lower inwardly extending portions of angular members 24 are spot Welded on opposite sides of the flange 25 of tubule I5, as shown in Fig. 2. If desired, brackets 22 and members 24 may be reversed as illustrated at 22' and 24 in Figure 1A for projection through the insulation disc I6, rather than around the disc as shown in Fig. 2. thereby radially shortening members 22 and minimizing vibrational effects. Elements 22 and 24 and reector remaining constant.

other similar .elements may be made .of metals having diiferent'thermal coefficients of expansion arranged A.to substantially 4compensate for am# bient temperature `drift introduced "by the expansion ci `such members as arms 6. Resonator 2 has been made of `unusual shape, being of large diameter .relative to its .axial thickness, and re- Yilector :cup 34 and bracket 22 rhave been .designed with the View in mind .of making kthe tube assembly as compact .as possible.

To the upper insulated .end of tubular :strut 21 is spot welded va lead wire 2E, which travels downwardly through the length of the tube in an insulating ceramic .sleeve 27! for :connection with terminal 28 which extends lto va tube base lpin `(not rshowni) for connection With a source =of power. .Current thus may be caused `to flow xfrom terminal 2`8, through'lead12, .and through the thin walled .tubular strut 21, la return path forfthe `.current being provided by bracket 22, members 24, tubule I`5, diaphragm vI2 and arms "6 through the `base 5 of the tube. Thus, by controlling the current passing through the tube 21, its length, and consequently the distance between grids "IB and t4, maybe controlled. The rapidity of response of the thermal .tuning deyice may lbe increased by using a strut 2| of reduced cross-section, for example, .a tube of smaller diameter and thickness, or by polishing the strutto reduce l'radiation losses.

`Reflector potential is supplied through the lead'wire., which connects at its upper end'with 'cup .fill-'and extends downwardly .through the length of the device Vwithin 'insulating ceramic sleeve Si) .and out of .the base through lead Si. An acceleration voltage to .be .applied between the cathode ,emitter surface 61 and .entrance .grid Il), heater voltages to be applied to filament leads 32 33, and power .to va getter .l1 all may be introduced .through thebase of theA tube ina similar manner. With the entrance grid MJ and 'the 'associated metal .structure supplied -Wi'th positive accelerating 'voltage relative to the cathode emitter surface El, `the metallic resonator system including the fgrlids'lll and |34 .serves .as an anode, attracting `:the electrons issuing from the cathode.

Prior methods of tuning reflex tubes Vgenerally change the distance trom the entrance grid to the :reiiector by -the amount 'that lthe .distance between the entrance ygrid and exit .grid is.

changed, the distance from the exit grid to .the

Since the frequency is also changed by the motion of .the grids, the net eiect is to change lthe number of cycles .of transit time of the `electrons in makr ing their round trip excursion. Theory and eX- lperimen't show that such a change causes the power output of such aV device, when usedas an oscillator, .to have a maximum value at one Ifrequency. and to fall .off at a rapid rate on either .eide of that frequency. A substantially constant output over a considerable range of frequencies may be obtained by the utilization of tuning means which eftectively keeps lconstant the number of cycles rof transit time of the electrons in :making their round trip, as by moving thercath`- ode. entrance grid, and reector electrode'as a unit relative tothe `exit grid. As seen from Fig. 1. 'thisJ 4result has been accomplishedin the present device by iixing the positions ci all lelements except .the yexit grid, thereby simplifying the ltuning action. l n 5 The upper sections of 'thear-ms .6 separate the resonator "Z `from/the lsupported end of the litun- -ing .device land 'hence serve as :rigid spacing means. Changes in the length of strut :21 .deorm the flexible diaphragm FZ and .accordingly vary the resonator frequency. though .it vwill be apparent that similar variations in frequency may be produced zby undesirable changes in the 'ength of the upper Vsections :of the arms i5', oc- :casioned for example by thermal expansion. Therefore, to minimize frequency-drift from thermal 1effects, means may be provided to inhibit the flow of heat from the .principal-source 2( within the'resonator) tothe spacing means. While it is possible to use arms having a low .co-

eiiicient of `thermal expansion, this procedure is notas satisfactory yas restricting `the heat flow to farms. One such method comprises vther'- maily 'insulating the spacing means as by interposing .a vportion `of relatively low thermal conductivity -material in the path .of heat flow. Reducing 'the cross-sectional larea .at 'points lalong the upper portions or 'the arms '6'. as by forming apertures :l2-ii, vis effective, especially when such apertures'are ylocated adjacent to the point of attachment ci the resonator, as shown in Fig. V2. The lower sections of Earms 6 are left intact, and. accordingly conduct `heat -from 'the .connecting point 'at a greater rate and have a greater :heat `capaclzity .and higher dissipating rate than the upper sections, and hence they stabilize the temperature of the upper sections by dii/citing heat from them. If desired, the normal heat-dissipating capacity vof the lower sections of arms G .may be increased by providing 'radiators 2i, such as uns or dull black portions, `as shown in Fig. '6, thereby increasing the heat-diverting e'iiect;

It may vbe desirable to adjust the normal frequency of each resonator at the factory `to compensate for manufacturing errors and thereby .preset all resonators relative toa iiXed standard, .or .to adjust ythe frequency range to special requirements. Even though the present tube is Vformed `generally ef interchangeable parts, and vthe resonators and other parts are assembled with jigs and lother precision devices, successively 'assembled 'tubes may differ appreciably in frequency, principally because of the small critical .spacing between grids IVO and i4, .and residual stresses introduced by the welding operations during assembly, especially during the final-stage Astep of securing lead 2E to the strut 2l. One procedure for presetting the resonator frequency comprises deiorming the spacing means, represen-ted in the Vpresently disclosed embodiment of '.thesectionsoi-arms ii above the resonator 2. To render this procedure more practicable, the spacing means may include a readily deformar'V section, preferably at least one pair of vgenerally :longitudinally extending strips IEE that are peranently -displaceable v'laterally relative to one africther to alter the effective lengthof the arm 5 for similar. yspacing means. Such strips l22 :may be produced in a simple manner by form,- Fing -a nrelatively vlarge aperture v|235 lcentrally in `arms f1' Aas shown in Figs. l, 2, and 6.

he action-oi the Ystrips depends in some meas- .snre 'upon the shape lof the aperture 23. For 4.charm-isle, it" a generally rectangular aperture is .formed with its sides parallel tothe sides of arm fyifhe resulting strips .22 are straight parallel strips extending along the arm, and any transverse distortion ofrthe strips shortens the arms .so that :frequency correction is kunilateral in eftiect. the other hand, if the aperture is of such shape as ,tozprod-uce arcuate or angulated lstr ins, the arm. may 'be lengthened or shortened by deforming the strips in either direction for bilateral frequency correction. An aperture |23 of circular shape is useful because squeezing the bowed strips together extends the arms dur ing initial movement, and shortens the arms 6 after a dead center position of the strips |22 is reached. Alternatively, the arms 5 may be shortened by an initial separating movement of the bowed strips |22. Since the strips in any case preferably extend originally in a direction generally along the arms, Very accurate adjustment of the initial tuning may be made, because relatively minute movements'along the arm may be made with substantially greater transverse distortion of the strips. Although it is desirable to adjust both arms 5 simultaneously in the initial frequency-setting operation, minor frequency adjustments may be made with even greater precision by adjustment of one arm only, provided that the symmetry of the parts is not altered.

For removal of ultra high frequency energy from the resonator 2, a loop and coaxial line structure l shown in detail in Figs. 3 and 4 is provided. A slot 31 is punched or milled radially in one side of the resonator wall 8. Spot welded over the slot 31 near the outer diameter of the wall 8 is a flanged locating ferrule 35 which, as shown in Fig. 4, contains slot 36 that extends across its upper at surface and down one side of a cylindrical wall. This slot 36 is made to match the position of the slot 31 and both are of suiiicient width to allow a coupling loop 39 to extend into the resonator 2 without touching the sides of slots 35 or 3?. The loop 39 has its outer end spot welded to outer conducter 4E fitting within the flanged ferrule 35. The loop 39 is continued to form the inner conducting element 4| of the coaxial line 40. In order to provide continuity of the vacuum envelope and to centrally locate the inner conductor 4|, a glass-tometal seal 42 is provided. Since heating and pressure occur in spot welding the outer end of loop 39 to the tube 45, it is desirable to place the glass-to-metal seal 42 at some distance from the end of tube 40. This is accomplished in the following manner.

A neck or constriction 44 is rolled or otherwise formed in the wall of the tube 49, and a bead of glass 42 of diameter nearly equal to the inner diameter of the tube til is then applied and fused to a straight inner conductor 4|. Conductor 4| with its attached glass bead 42 is inserted into the tube 4U, the bead being stopped at a short distance from the top of tube 4Q by the inwardly projecting constriction 44. The glass to metal seal between bead 42 and the inner constricted wall of tube 49 is then made by applying heat to the exterior of tube 45. Loop 39 is then bent into shape and its outer end is spot welded into position. Thus, the position of loop 39 and of coaxial line is determined by the base 5 and ferrule 35. Coaxial line 49 extends through the base 5 being reinforced and sealed relative thereto by collar 43 as shown in Figs. 1 and 3, the diameter of resonator 2 being thus determined by the conventional diameter of the pin circle of base 5. Thus, the lower end of the coaxial line 49' extends through. the tube base 5 as an externally accessible protuberance thereof providing for making all connections through generally similar termi'- nal units at the bottom of the tube, for maximum ease in insertion and removal and replacement of tubes of this type. If desired, a second, or more coupling loops and coaxial leads may be provided in the same manner. By locating the glass bead 42 at a point remote froml the lower end of the coaxial line 40', the tube may be exhausted more easily, and the bead is less likely to be damaged by manipulation of the conductor 4|, because of the greater resiliency of the conductor, and the useful tube life thereby is enhanced.

The structure described not only incorporates improved structural features but also has been particularly designed for fabrication by modern mass production methods. The base 5 is first prepared with its associated Kovar eyelets 'l5 and the yoke 5 is spot welded into place. The yoke 5 acts as a jig, into which the completed sub-assemblies, such as electron gun resonator 2, reiiector 3, and the thermal tuning elements are slid in tandem relation, as shown in the drawings. Proper separations of these components may be obtained by simple spaced jigs, or cooperative positioning means such as openings or inwardly projecting lugs 5 may be provided to maintain the components in position during spot welding of the parts to the yoke 6. The assembled structure is extremely rigid and is highly adapted to spot welded fabrication. It is evident that the relation of the components in the tube may be inverted, so that the thermal tuning strut projects upwardly from the base 5 of the tube, if additional rigidity of that member is required.

In the device of Figs. 1 and 2, the tuning strut 2| is used in compression as well as tension, and hence requires a relatively large cross-section to develop sufcient rigidity. Hence a relatively large amount of power and appreciable time is required to expand the tube. The device of Fig. 6 discloses an alternative form of the present invention in which a quicker acting lower power thermal means is provided for tuning the resonator 2. The cathode-accelerator assembly the resonator 2, and the coaxial line structure and their mountings and voltage lead-in members may be similar to those shown in Fig. 1, and are therefore given corresponding reference numbers. Tubule l5, fastened to the inner portion of flexible diaphragm l2 has spot welded on its upper anged surface 25 a support 59 having two arms 55 extending nearly even with the top of the arms 6 of yoke 5 but which are independent thereof. The upper ends of the arms 5G are ofiset to receive a brace 79, and to provide upper terminals for two small diameter thermally expansible filaments such as tuning wires 52, which may be of 4 mil tungsten wire or the like, and are fixed to brace 'i0 at 5|. Both wires extend downwardly the length of the tube and are securedY near the base 5 of the tube at 53 in an insulating disc 54 rigid with base 5. Brace lil is centered by a fiat spring leaf 18 whose ends are spot welded to the inner surfaces of arms 6', brace i0 'and spring "F8 being spot welded together at a slight angle, as seen in Fig. 7. Spaced at from the oppositely positioned wires 52 are two coiled tension springs 55, which may be of tungsten and which extend parallel to the arms 59' and which are attached to the bottom portion of the yoke 59. The upper ends of springs 55 are attached to a top plate 79 which is spot welded to and connects the upper ends of the arms 5". Thus springs 55 pull the grid carrying diaphragm i2 toward the top 'F9 so that the thermal expansion wires 52 are kept taut. The wires 52 are symmetrically disposed relative to the median line running longitudinally of the tube land accordingly urge the grids to move along parallel planes. However, additional ferromagnetic flexible diaphragm 'means such as a second diaphragm |2501 itsequi-valent may be used above the diaphragm I2 to maintain theparts in parallelism. If the laments 52 are made sufficiently rigid, e. g., like the central strut 2|, the springs 55 may be omitted. i

The wires 52 may be energized in parallel by connecting a power source between yoke 6 and leads 60 extending tov the tube base. Exterior electronic or other control means may actuate the power scource and hence determine the distance between the grids I and I4 and consequently determine the output frequency of the device.- Tests indicate that it is possible to obtain 0.005 inch expansion ofthe wires, or a tuning range of approximately 500 megacycles at wavelengths of the order of ten centimeters, it not being necessary to raise the temperature of the wire above 900 C. to obtain this result. It is evident that the two tuning wires and springs may be replaced by a greater or lesser number of like elements.

The use of wires or thermal strut tuning means also allows the operating frequency range of theV device to be preset at an arbitrarily' chosen range. This method may, for example, comprise elevating the temperature of the thermal wire or strut somewhat above the temperature at which permanent stretching of the tuning member begins to occur, e. g. to the plastic range. During this process,l the reflex device is operated in the conventional manner as an oscillator, its output being fed into a high Q wavemeter adjusted for the desired output range. The current through the tuning element is continually raised, stretching the wire by springs 55 or other means, until resonance in the wavemeter occurs. At a predetermined point past resonance, the current through the thermal element is manually or auto matically cut off and the wires thereby given a permanent set in their elongated condition. Thus the frequency range through which the device operates is determined by the amount of preliminary stretching of the thermal element.

Figs.A 11 and 12 disclose other forms of electromechanical tuners that produce mechanical movement, e. g., expansion or contraction, in response to electrical excitation. In the construction shown in Fig. 11,'use is made of a magneto- 0strictive device |00 which maybe substituted for the thermally expansible tube 2| or wires 52, and which device comprises a tubular rod or strut IUI having a coefcient of magneto-strictive expansion that maintains the same sign throughout the range of magnetic excitation. Nickel has a. positive coefficient at all times and accordingly is useful for the purpose, as is Heussler alloy, but iron and cobalt are unsuitable because their coefficients change sign with variation in the flux density. The rod IOI, which is xed to a top plate |02 by means of a centralizing bushing |03, extends Adownwardly for connection of its free end with the resonator through gusseted bracket 22, member 24, and tubule I5. The rod IOI is excited in any conventional manner, as by a magnetizing coil |04 having terminals |05 and |05. The magnetic path is completed through a |08 and a ferromagnetic casing |01 secured to the bracket 22. The device operates in the manner of the previously described forms of the invention in that electrical excitation varies the length of the tuning Velement |0I and accordingly changes the shape and natural frequency of the resonator. VIf the rod IBI is .made of nickel. increasing the field. strength shortens the rod, thus separating the electrodes and increasing the resonator frequency., The, advantage of the magneto-strictive tuner over the thermal tuner lies principally in its quicker response to the control impulse, andy thereof. The upper end of strut III may be ,supported on and insulated from a cover plate I8 in the manner shown in Figs. 1 and 2. The lower end is secured to a contact plate I I2 which` coopcrates, with the upper. surface of bracket 22 to excite. a block or crystal of piezo-,electric material I lil. such asA quartz, tourmaline, or Rochelle salts. Any .of these materials, may be prepared for the purpose bycoating opposite sides with a thin tinning layer I I3, such as copper, in any manner, as by sputtering or distilling, to. which layers electrode discs |I5 may be soldered or otherwise secured., To minimize frequency drift from thermal effects, the piezo-electric` material preferably is one, having a negligible temperature co.-

eificient. By applying a relatively large potential across. the crystal VI I6, through lead 25 and bracket .22, the dimensions of the crystal are altered and motion is imparted through members 22 and 24 to the resonator so as to effect a tuning action. The piezo-electric tuner is more immediate in its lresponse to the control impulse than the thermal tuner, and drains no current from the control circuit. i

As is well known in the art, modulation of the output frequency of reflex ultra high frequency generators can be obtained by variation of the potential applied to the reflector electrode as any' useful function of time; also, in a similar man-.- ner, modulation can also be accomplished by varying the acceleration voltage applied to the cathode. In the latter instance, the modulation source must be able to supply power to the sysr tem. Modulation of the output frequency may quency of the device may be made through simultaneous control of the voltages applied to the cathode, reflector, and electromechanical tuning elements, or through any simultaneous combination of these means.

In actual practice, it is found that sudden small frequency variations may be controlled readily by variation of the reflector electrode voltage, and that thelarger, long time frequency changes are better compensated for by use of a conjointly acting electro-mechanical tuning device, as shown innige. s and 13. i

Both figures disclose automatic frequency control systems wherein the advantages of the immediately responsive electrical control and the sloweracting but longer range electro-mechanical tuning control are combined in a single circuit. In Fig. S both controls act conjointly to increase the resonator kfrequency with a rise in control voltage brought about by an increase in the frequency'of a control signal relative to the resonator frequency. By varying the potential applied to one or more frequency-controlling electrodes, instantaneous response is exercised; by electro-mechanically acting on the resonator, the tuning range is effectively increased over that obtainable with electrical control alone. A similar dual control system is shown in Fig. 13, except that it acts inversely-that is, an increase in the control voltage electro-mechanically distorts the resonator body and also modifies the potential on a frequency-controlling electrode therein to decrease the natural frequency. The control voltage for either or both types of tuners may be regulated manually or automatically, according to individual requirements.

In Fig. 8 a reflex velocity modulation tube 80 with cathode 6l, resonator 2, and reflector electrode 3 is shown in use, for example, as the local oscillator in a receiver, in which it is desired to match the output frequency of tube 8i] to a signal f1 appearing in coaxialgline 8l. The signal fi and the output signal f2 of tube 85 are introduced into a conventional ultra high frequency mixer 82 via coaxial leads 4] and 8l, and the output of mixer 82 is then introduced into a conventional frequency discriminator SS. The variable magnitude, reversing polarity direct current output of discriminator 83 appears across tapped potentiometer 3. Adjustable tap 85 supplies a proper control voltage through bias battery 86 to lament 52 (or nickel strut lui); likewise, adjustable tap 8'! supplies a correction voltage through battery 88 to reflector 3. Battery 88 acts as a bias battery to allow the reflector 3 to operate at or near the potential of cathode E?. An acceleration voltage is applied between cathode 61 and entrance grid It in the usual manner from a battery 89. An increase in the voltage across potentiometer 84 separates the electrodes lll and it, and at the same time increases the reflector potential, both of which tend to increase the operating frequency of the resonator 2.

Fig. 13 discloses a similar arrangement of parts wherein a control voltage simultaneously regulates an electro-mechanical tuner 2| and the potential on a control electrode. In the present instance, however, the control voltage across resistor 84 varies the cathode biasing potential rather than the reiiector voltage, and actuates an electro-mechanical tuner of the type shown in Figs. l and 2. Accordingly an increase in control voltage increases the beam accelerating potential and decreases the spacing between grids IB and l 4, both of which operate to decrease the frequency of resonator 2. Any suitable controller may be used.

Thus, in operation, as shown in the graph of Fig. 9, if it is desired to increase the :frequency by an increment Af, this change may be made by a combination of a sudden change, as along path 9d, by means of control of the reflector voltage, or by a more gradual change, as along the path Si, by control of the thermal strut. In Fig. l0, a gradual electro-mechanical change, shown by the slope of line 93, is shown suddenly broken by an instantaneous electrical change, as at 9d. It is thus evident that long time frequency drifts, as caused by ambient temperature drift or by gradual changes in power supply voltages, as Well as suddent output frequency changes, as caused by sudden changes of power supply voltages, may be corrected for by the combined use of electrode voltage control and electro-mechanical tuning.

As many changes could be made in the above construction and many apparently widely different embodiments of this invention could be made without departing fromthe scope thereof, it is intended that all matter contained in the above descripion or shown in the accompanying drawings shall be interpreted as illustrative and not in a limiting sense.

What is claimed is: A l

1. A cavity resonator device comprising means for producing an electron beam, a pair of adjustably spaced electron-permeable beam entrance and exit wall portions disposed in the path of said beam, means in said beam path for returning the beam through said exit wall portion, and tuning means disposed substantially symmetrically about the axis of said beam for varying the spacingof said wall portions, said tuning means comprising a thermally extensible member and a lead-in conductor connected thereto and adapted to be coupled to a source of potential supplying heating current to said member for controlling its extension.

2. A reflex type velocity modulation tube comprising an evacuated envelope having disposed therein an electron emitter means for producing a beam of electrons, means deiining a hollow resonator having electron permeable wall portions aligned With said beam, entrance and exit grids in said wall portions, and a exible diaphragm forming one wall portion of .said resonator and supporting said exit grid for movement toward and from said entrance grid, an electron-reilecting electrode mounted in the path of said beam and spaced from said resonator on the side of said resonator opposite said emitter means, electro-mechanical tuning means comprising a substantially centrally located strut of Variable length ixed at one end and disposed along the axis of said beam, and connecting means extending around said reflecting electrode from the free end of said strutto said diaphragm.

3. A reiiex type velocity modulation tube comprising an evacuated envelope having disposed therein electron emitter means for producing a beam of electrons, means defining a hollow resonator having wall portions formed with beam entrance and exit grids, a exible diaphragm forming one wall portion of said resonator and supporting said exit grid for movement toward and from said entrance grid, an electron-reflecting electrode mounted in the path of said beam and spaced from said resonator on the side of said resonator opposite said emitter means, electromechanical tuning means comprising a substantially centrally located strut of variable length xed at one end and disposed along the axis of said beam, and connecting means between said strut and diaphragm comprising a cup-shaped member surrounding said reflecting electrode and secured at one end to an inner annular zone of said diaphragm.

4. High frequency apparatus comprising an evacuated envelope, a cavity resonator within said envelope and having substantially parallel mutually adjoining electron-permeable wall portions, and a tuning device for varying the spacing of said wall portions, said tuning device comprising electrically expansible elongated means within said envelope, said means being xed at one end relative to said envelope and having the incitar@ 's'uppf'irtl for one endof'said strutk fixed to said envelope, and connecting meansv joiningthe oppositeend" ofsaidal strut with one of said elecelectron emitter for producing an electron beam,

a cavity resonator having electron beaml entrance and enit grids, a lexible diaphragm iorming one wall oi said resonator andA supporting said exit grid for relative movement toward' and from said entrance grid, a xed electron-reflecting electrode disposed opposite said exit grid in the path of said beam, and electrchmechanical tuning means attached to said exit grid, said tuning means being` adapted to move said exitgrid on the one hand perpendicularly toward andl `from said entrance grid and said, electron-reiiecting electrode on the otherhand.

A3'. High frequency tube structure comprising an envelope, support means within and rigid with said envelope, a hollow resonator mounted on said support means and having a movable wall portion, a cathode carried by said support means for projecting a beam of electrons through said resonator, an electron reflector electrode mounted on said support means in the path of said beam beyond the resonator, said support means having a terminal section adjacent the endv of said envelope opposite said cathode, and electrically responsive tuning means reacting between said terminal` section and said movable wall portion for tuning said resonator.

9'; The tube structure defined in'claim 8, wherein said tuning means comprises a rigid expansible and contractible strut anchored at one end on said terminal section and connected at its other end to said. wall portion.

10`. The tube structure defined in claim 8, wherein said tuning means comprises a thermally responsive .vire connected at opposite ends t'o said support means and said movable Wall por tion, and resilient means between said terminal 'section and said movable Wall portion for biasing avail', portion, said spring. being biased to-maintain said wire under tension.l

12'. AI tuning device iora cavity resonator comprisinga .plurality of lamentary tuning elements substantiallysymmetrically disposed about the axis: of; said, resonator' and.` being. electrically exfpansime to permit: distortion. of saldi resonator to: alter its natural. frequency, substantially 'symmetrically disposed spring means biased to ma- `@tain said element taut;

i3. High frequency tube structure comprising an envelope, a support within and rigid with said envelope, ahollow resonator mounted onsai'd support, a fieaible Wall on said resonator formed with an apertureg a cup-shaped m r secured to saidliexible Wall about said apei ure, an electron reiect'or electrode-aligned with said aperture and extending withinsaid; cup-shaped member, a-ninsulator plate by which said' electrode is mounted on said support, and a resonator tuning control element secured to said member.

14. High frequency tubey structure comprising an envelope, means dehning a hollow resonator wit-hinsaid enveiope, relatively movable wall portiens onL said resonator, one of said wall portions being Flexible, mea-ns in said envelope for prolecting an electron beam through saidresonater, anda relatively rigid tuning member within said envelope'having spaced parts operably connected to said wall portions, motion-transmitting l means being provided betweensaid tuning mem'- ber and said iieXib-lo end Wall, said member hav*- ing a section shif'tablef` in response to varying degrees of electrical energiaation thereof for controlling relative movement betweenV said wall portionsy and determining the natural frequency of said resonator.

15a The tube structure denedf in cla-im 14,

wherein said tuning member is a thermally re,

sponsive strut operatively connected at opposite ends toy said wall portions;

16. High frequency tube structure comprising means defining a hollow resonator having a movable'wall portion formed with an apertured section, an expansible and contractible substantially rigid tuning strut anchored at one end in said structure, motion transmitting means con'- necting theot-her end of said-strut to saidY section and a leadein conductor coupled to one end of said strut for supplying current thereto to control the lengthA thereof for tuning said resonator.

17. The tube structure dened in claim 16,

wherein said motion transmitting means comprises an annular member securedV to said mov able wall about said aperture.

cluding means in said apparatus rendering both said tuning means responsive to departures of the resonator frequency from a predetermined value.'

20.*Ultra high frequency apparatus comprising a, cavity resonator, electrically energizable means in said apparatus coupled to said resonator and adapted to alter the physical characteristics of said resonator for tuning said' resonator, and means in said apparatus for controllably varying the energization of said elec,- tricallyV energized tuning means in accordance with modulating signalsA for modulating the output off sai'd resonator by saidfsi'gnals,

2l. 'The apparatus dened in claim 20 wherein said electrically energized means comprises thermally responsive means.

22. High frequency tube structure comprising a cavity resonator having a movable wall portion, a tuning element having a shiftable part connected to said wall portion, spacer means interconnecting said resonator and said tuning element, said spacer means having adjustable length enabling preliminary adjustment for relatively displacing said resonator and tuning element for presetting the resonator tuning control action of said tuning element. f

23. High frequency tube structure comprising a cavity resonator having a movable Wall portion, a tuning element having a shiftable part connected to said wall portion, spacer means interconnecting said resonator and said tuning element, and means in said spacer means enabling preliminary adjustment for relatively displacing said resonator and tuning element for presetting the resonator tuning control action of said tuning element, said spacer means comprising a common support for said resonator and tuning element, and'said last-named means comprising a weakened section of said sup-port deformable for regulating said spacing.

24. High frequency tube structure comprising a cavity resonator having a movable wall portion, a tuning element having a shiftable part connected to said wall portion, spacer means interconnecting said resonator and said tuning element, and means in said spacer means enabling preliminary adjustment for relatively displacing said resonator and tuning element for presetting the resonator tuning control action of said tuning element, said spacer means comprising an arm extending between said resonator and said tuning element, and having an apertured region in said arm intermediate its ends rendering said arm deformable for regulating said spacing.

25. A high frequency tube structure comprising a cavity resonator, a tuning element, spacing means attached to said resonator and to said tuning element, said tuning element having a portion connected to said resonator and movable toward and from said resonator to alter the natural frequency of said resonator, and temperature-stabilizing means for inhibiting frequency drift caused by thermal expansion of said spacing means as a result of heat flow from said resonator to said spacing means, said stabilizing means comprising a portion of reduced crosssectional area formed in said spacing means.

26. In a method of presetting the frequency range of a cavity resonator tunable by variation in length of a tuning element connected to a movable portion of said resonator, the steps of heating said tuning element until it becomes permanently yieldable, moving said movable portion of said resonator until the resonator attains a predetermined frequency, said movement producing elongation of said element, and maintaining said movable portion of the resonator fixed while permitting cooling of said tuning element, so that said element becomes permanently set in elongated condition.

27. A high frequency tube structure comprising a generally cylindrical cavity resonator, means aligned with said resonator for prejecting a beam of electrons into cooperativegrelation with said resonator, a plurality of lamentary tuning elements symmetrically disposed about vand extending in the direction of the axis of said resonator and being responsive in their length to temperature changes in said elements for distorting said resonator axially to alter its natural frequency, and symmetrically disposed spring means opposing said tuning elements in the direction of said axis.

28. A high frequency tube structure comprising an evacuated envelope enclosing a support having a pair of substantially parallel arms extending substantially the length of said envelope; and a cathode, a cavity resonator, and electromechanical resonator tuning means individually connected to said resonator, said cathode, resonator and tuning means being all operatively aligned in tandem relation within and supported by said arms of said support.

29. High frequency apparatus comprising a base, an envelope vacuum-sealed to saidY base, a frame rigid with said base and extending Within said envelope, means supporting cathode, hollow resonator and reflector assemblies in alignment on said frame adjacent one end of said envelope, an electrically responsive frequency-control member rigidly secured to said frame adjacent the other end of said envelope, and means operatively connecting said frequency-control member to said resonator.

30. High frequency apparatus comprising a base, an envelope vacuum-sealed to said base, a frame mounted on said base and extending withsaid envelope, cathode, hollow resonator and reflector assemblies, means maintaining said assemblies in alignment on said frame, an electrically responsive frequency-control member' secured to said frame, and means operatively connecting said frequency-control member to said resonator.

3l. High frequency apparatus comprising a hollow resonator having a movable portion for varying the frequency of said resonator, a plurality of non-rigid wires extending between said portion and a relatively fixed part of said apparatus, and means maintaining said wires under tension.

32. An ultra high frequency electric discharge device of the velocity modulation Ytype comprising an hermetically sealed envelope including a cylindrical wall closed at one end, a base member transverse to said wall supporting and closing said wall at the other end thereof, an annular anode structure within said envelope having spaced walls extending transversely to said cylindrical Wall and dening in part a cavity resonator, aligned apertures in said spaced Walls, a cathode constituting a source of electrons to be passed through said resonator and said apertures positioned on one side'of said anode structure in alignment with said apertures, electrode means adapted to return electrons to said resonator in alignment with said apertures and positioned on the other side of said anode structure, conductor means connected to said electrode means for impressing potentials thereupon and electrically insulated from said anode structure, said conductor means being connected to externally accessible terminal means supported by said base member, and a concentric transmission line coupled to said resonator and terminated in an externally accessible protuberance constituting a part of said base.

33. An ultra high frequency electric discharge device of the velocity modulation type comprising an hermetically sealed envelope including a cylindrical Wall closed at one end, a base member transverseY to said wall supporting and closing saidY wall at the other end thereof, an annular anode structure within said envelope and having 17 spaced walls extending transversely to said cylindrical Wall and dening in part a cavity resonator, aligned apertures in said spaced Walls, a cathode positioned on one side of said anode structure in alignment with said apertures, said cathode constituting a source of electrons `to be passed through said resonator and said apertures, electrical means adapted to return electrons to said resonator in alignment-with said apertures and positioned on the other side of said anode structure, conductor means connected to said electrode means for impressing potentials thereupon and electrically insulated from said anode structure, said conductor means being connected to externally accessible terminal means supported by said base member, and a concentric transmission line coupled to said resonator and terminated in an externally accessible 4protuberance constituting a part of said base.

34. An ultra high frequency electric discharge device of the velocity modulation type comprising an hermetically sealed envelope including a cylindrical wall closed at one end, a base member transverse to Lsaid Wall supporting and closing said Wall at theother end thereof, an annular anode structure within said envelope and having spaced Walls extending transversely to said cylindrical wall and dening in part a cavity resonator, aligned `apertures in said spaced Walls, a cathode positioned on one side of said anode structure in alignment with said apertures, a retarding and reflecting electrode in alignment with said apertures positioned on the other side of said anode structure, a plurality of conductors connected to said electrodes for impressing potentials thereupon, electrically insulated from said anode structure, said conductors being connected to externally accessible terminals supported by said base member, and a concentric transmission line coupled to said resonator and terminated in 18 an externally accessible protuberance constituting agpart of said base.

DONALD L. SNOW. SIGURD F. VARIAN. 5 COLEMAN DODD.

LYNN R. HILDEBRAND.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file offthis patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,543,872 Ruben June 30, 1925 1,545,247 Gargon July 7, 1925 1,559,714 Lilienfeld Nov. 3, 1925 1,857,193 Hopp May 10, 1932 1,930,524 Laport Oct. 17, 1933 2,095,981 .-Hansell Oct. 19, 1937 2,128,232 Dallenbach Aug; 30, 1938 2,170,219 Seiler Aug. 22, 1939 2,190,511 Cage Feb. 13, 1940 2,216,170 George Oct. 1, 1940 2,242,275 Varian May 20, 1941 2,245,627 Varian June 17, 1941 2,259,690 Hansen et al Oct. 21, 1941 2,287,845 Varian et a1 June 30, 1942 2,298,949 Litton Oct. 13, 1942 2,304,186 Litton Dec. 8, 1942 2,311,658 Hansen et al. Feb. 23, 1943 2,314,794 Linder Mar. 23, 1943 2,408,817 Snow Oct. 8, 1946 2,411,912 Vance Dec. 3, 1946 2,411,913 Pierce et al Dec. 3, 1946 2,421,273 Laierty May 27, 1947 2,438,132 Snow Mar. 23, 1948 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 420,667 Great Britain Dec. 3, 1934 422,869 Great Britain Jan. 21, 1935 537,518 Great Britain June 25, 1941 Patent No. 2,540,142

..the above Iluxnloerec'l.V patent requiring correction as follows:

Certificate of Correction w. DONALD LSSNOW ET AL. l It iShereby certied that error'ppears in the printed specification of Column 8, line 18, for the Word spaced read spacer; column 17, lines 7 and 8, for electrical read electrode;

and that the said Letters Patent should be read as corrected above, so that the saune may conform to the record of the case inthe Patent Office.

Signed andsealed this 17th day of-July, A. D. 1951.

[SEAL] ERNEST F. Kutten,

Assistant 00m sz'oner of PatentrlVY February 6, 1951` l 

